Zanzibar’s marine economy under threat from climate change

Zanzibar. Zanzibar’s marine-dependent economy is facing increasing risks due to climate change, with rising sea levels, saltwater intrusion, beach erosion, and extreme weather events disrupting key sectors such as fishing, tourism and agriculture.

The Coordination Officer at the Ministry of Blue Economy, Omar Mohamed, has warned that up to 54 percent of the population is affected, calling for urgent action to safeguard livelihoods and food security.

Speaking at a Circular Economy workshop, he outlined the government’s response, which includes support for deep-sea fishing, expansion of seaweed farming, and environmental conservation initiatives.

“Coral reef destruction is crippling tourism and fisheries, while saltwater intrusion and erratic rainfall are jeopardising freshwater sources and agricultural productivity,” he stated.

Mr Mohamed noted that these environmental challenges have led to forced displacement of coastal communities due to land loss. 

He highlighted a decline in fish stocks, which has significantly impacted the livelihoods of fishermen, putting both income and food security at risk.

“Research and fishermen’s testimonies indicate a decline in fish breeding grounds, necessitating decisive government action to strengthen the fishing sector,” he said.

Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Blue Economy and Fisheries, Hamad Bakar Hamad, said that Zanzibar’s economy heavily depends on the ocean, with fishing and tourism being vital pillars of social and economic development.

“These sectors support nearly two-thirds of Zanzibar’s population, with fishing contributing between 4 per cent and 8 percent of GDP, while tourism accounts for over 29 per cent,” Mr Hamad said.

Other key industries include marine farming, seaweed cultivation, and the harvesting of sea cucumbers, all of which are crucial to Zanzibar’s economy. 

In 2024, seaweed production reached approximately 18,000 tonnes, with 99 per cent of international trade relying on marine resources.

Despite this economic contribution, Mr Hamad acknowledged the sustainability challenges facing Zanzibar, urging a shift in resource utilisation methods to ensure long-term benefits for both the environment and communities.

He further stated that the government is encouraging women involved in seaweed farming and fishermen to venture into deeper waters to protect fish stocks and boost yields.

“To support this transition, the government has provided over 1,000 boats to fishermen and seaweed farmers at a 0 per cent interest rate,” he said.

Additionally, he outlined efforts to secure better markets and establish processing industries to enhance the value chain of marine products.

“Our strategy ensures that women are not left behind in economic activities but are instead provided with tools and opportunities to thrive in the Blue Economy. Our ministry is committed to helping women actively participate in this sector,” he elaborated.

To tackle these challenges, Mr Mohamed proposed expanding the Blue Economy through seaweed farming and marine biotechnology, promoting the use of renewable energy, and implementing coastal protection projects.

He also emphasised the importance of sustainable tourism and equipping youth with environmental conservation skills to combat climate change effectively.

The government remains committed to balancing economic development with environmental conservation to ensure that Zanzibar’s marine resources continue to benefit communities while being preserved for future generations.